methylation glutathione deficiency The cycle and synthesis pathway. Metabolites Shedding light on DNA methylation

Iron deficiency may alter the activities of several liver enzymes, leading to increased cholesterol saturation in bile and increased cholesterol crystallization, and it also negatively impacts gallbladder motility (Prasad 2015)

T.ShulmanG

doi: 10.1300/J175v02n02_04

doi: 10.2220/biomedres.30.149 306 TerovaG.RimoldiS.AscioneC.GiniE.CeccottiC.GascoL

Abbreviations AA: arachidonic acid AACT: acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase ACSL4: Acyl-CoA synthase long chain member 4 AdA: adrenal acid AHCYL1: adenosine homocysteine 1 CARS: cysteinyl- tRNA synthetase CBS: cystathionine--synthase CTH: cystathionine c-lyase DMT1: divalent metal transporter 1 FPN1: ferroportin 1 FPP: farnesyl pyrophosphate FSP1: ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4 GR: glutathione reductase GSH: glutathione HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA HMGR: hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase HMGS: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase IPP: isopentenyl pyrophosphate LOXs: lipoxygenases LPCAT3: lysophosphatidylcholine transferase 3 MAT1A/MAT2A: methionine adenosine transferase I/Ii MS: methionine synthetase MTs: methyltransferase MVA: mevalonic acid NCOA4: nuclear receptor coactivator 4 PC: phosphatidylcholine PE: phosphatidylethanolamine PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid ROS: reactive oxygen species SAH: s-adenosine homocysteine SAHH: S-adenosine homocysteine hydrolase SAM: S-adenosine methionine STEAP3: six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 3 Tf: transferrin TfR1: transferrin receptor 1 Declarations Acknowledgement None

2) GPX4-independent ferroptosis suppressionFSP1CoQ10 pathway: Myristoylated ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), also known as apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondrial 2 (AIFM2), resides on the plasma membrane and functions as a CoQ10 reductase