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Effects of active and passive smoking on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

For example, a study showed that women who smoked more than 20 pack-years had a 27 percent increased risk, while those who smoked more than 15 grams per day had a 31 percent increased risk

Two significant factors to consider are alcohol abuse and unhealthy behaviors

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Most of these effects could be explained by a cigarette-smoke-induced retardation of lung clearance of the 239 PuO 2 particles (Finch et al., 1995b)

Annual consumption grew from an average of 54 cigarettes smoked by each adult in the country in 1900 to a peak of 4,345 in 1963